evaluate two models of memory. (22)
1) Multi-store Model of Memory (MSM)
MSM 101
-The model involves many 'memory storages' (duh)
-It is proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
-Divided into three stores: sensory memory, STM and LTM
Sensory Memory Relevant study
-Input are stored very briefly Sperling (1960)
-If unattended, memory will decay quickly -Showed participants cards with three rows of letter
-Cards were shown for 50ms
-Participants can name a few letters, but claimed to see more
-Sperling decided that the rest can't be named as info decayed
-Yes, that's how fast Sperling thinks those memories are gone
Short-Term Memory (STM) Capacity
-Sensory memory that are attended to -Assessed by measuring Immediate Digit Span
-Attention is given to those memories -Participants read list of digits then have to recite backwards
-Stores for a brief period (bit longer than sensory memory) -Starts off with three digits then increases in length
-Temporary storage stage for info -Length becomes impossible to be recalled serially
-Viewed with limited storage and capacity -If correct for 50%, it is defined as their digit span
-Three focuses: encoding, capacity and duration -Thought to be generally 7±2 (Miller, 1956)
Chunking
-Chunking by meaning increases STM capacity
-Combine individual letters/digits to a meaningful unit (Miller)
Duration
-Brief duration in STM
-Studies: Brown (1958), Peterson and Peterson (1959)
-Brown-Peterson technique
-Shows participants random consonant triplets
- Required to count back in number triplets for distraction
-Asked to recall constants after 3 to 18 seconds
-Typically showed quick memory decay
-Emphasises that rehearsal is hindered through interference
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
-Has a significantly greater capacity than STM
-Holds information for a longer duration
-Personal memories, knowledge, beliefs...
-Constantly undergoes revision and modification
-Too complex to look into the store's characters
-Mostly believed to have unlimited space
-Mostly believed in ability to store memories lifelong
MSM 101
-The model involves many 'memory storages' (duh)
-It is proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
-Divided into three stores: sensory memory, STM and LTM
Sensory Memory Relevant study
-Input are stored very briefly Sperling (1960)
-If unattended, memory will decay quickly -Showed participants cards with three rows of letter
-Cards were shown for 50ms
-Participants can name a few letters, but claimed to see more
-Sperling decided that the rest can't be named as info decayed
-Yes, that's how fast Sperling thinks those memories are gone
Short-Term Memory (STM) Capacity
-Sensory memory that are attended to -Assessed by measuring Immediate Digit Span
-Attention is given to those memories -Participants read list of digits then have to recite backwards
-Stores for a brief period (bit longer than sensory memory) -Starts off with three digits then increases in length
-Temporary storage stage for info -Length becomes impossible to be recalled serially
-Viewed with limited storage and capacity -If correct for 50%, it is defined as their digit span
-Three focuses: encoding, capacity and duration -Thought to be generally 7±2 (Miller, 1956)
Chunking
-Chunking by meaning increases STM capacity
-Combine individual letters/digits to a meaningful unit (Miller)
Duration
-Brief duration in STM
-Studies: Brown (1958), Peterson and Peterson (1959)
-Brown-Peterson technique
-Shows participants random consonant triplets
- Required to count back in number triplets for distraction
-Asked to recall constants after 3 to 18 seconds
-Typically showed quick memory decay
-Emphasises that rehearsal is hindered through interference
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
-Has a significantly greater capacity than STM
-Holds information for a longer duration
-Personal memories, knowledge, beliefs...
-Constantly undergoes revision and modification
-Too complex to look into the store's characters
-Mostly believed to have unlimited space
-Mostly believed in ability to store memories lifelong